The Environment, Resources, and Their Economic Effects

Introduction According to Paltseva and Roine (para. 1), natural resources contribute to spending, labor income, and jobs. These resources support numerous jobs and offer employment to the residents of a country. Natural resources and the educated workforce are interconnected and it is of great importance for the state to generate a quality labor force via the attainment of higher education.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Environment, Resources, and Their Economic Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before the globalization processes started, it was prudent to assume that natural and environmental resources had no competition because resources were in abundance and the economy was using them in an unlimited way. Wealth, jobs, and prosperity were got from these resources via the extractive industries. In turn, the industries converted the resources into commodities. A healthy economy, and a healthy enviro nment could be achieved, but not at the same time. Economic competition was not rife and most of the resources in the environment were free. However, the current scenario predetermines that there is the increased competition for the natural resources that continues to grow. These resources are no longer abundant with the increase in human population that is depleting them. This essay will highlight the economic effects of the environment and the natural resources. The Effect of Resources on the Economy According to Poser (20), natural resources can no longer satisfy the human demands that are placed on them. Therefore, when the resources are allocated to a particular use, other application methods compete with the primary one. It is worth noting that such a trade-off means that the decisions to allocate the resources, like development and protection, generate costs and benefits. They have ramifications for the present and future inhabitants of the nearby communities and the entire r egions. In this paper, it is clear that a natural resource cannot satisfy the demand for the service and goods that it provides. Subsequently, to understand the economic ramifications of the development or protection of the economic resources, one should understand the extent to which it will affect the aforementioned competition.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One should keep in mind that the economic value of the natural resources stems from their commercial demands, which entails their development or extraction. The term extraction refers to activities, industries, and the use of resources associated with the production of timber, grazing, mining, and various activities that electrically, physically, or chemically remove several elements from their sources. The term development can be regarded as occupation of a site by structures set up by human beings. This occurs most ly in the event of urbanization. It also entails intense activities by the human beings such as conversion of open land into commercial and housing buildings, the change of the floral community in the forest, the development of recreational sites for the developing industries, and other aspects. The commercial demand for the resources in the environment comes from the public and private enterprises. This is defined broadly to include the groups that sponsor the development and extractive activities. There are two types of demand for the natural resources. First, there is the identification of a specific development, or extractive use of a piece of land that possesses various characteristics. These characteristics can cover the fact that it uses the resources in a direct manner, it depletes the stocks of a number of resources, and that it has a better position compared to the competitors with regard to economic competitiveness (Sarsby and Meggyes 39). Although the identification of a particular use is purposeful, it is arbitrary. This kind of demand is mostly associated with extractive industries such as forestry, mining, and industrial farming. Generally, only a single commercial industry has benefits from some use of the natural resources. In the public domain and protection of resources, the economic significance of various natural resources use is expressed in terms of incomes and jobs for the local populace and profits for the local firms. In several cases, the aforementioned commercial use manifests as the only way for the local residents to derive incomes, profits, and jobs from the natural resources in the area. It is a common event that the extractive or development uses of land are allowed. This translates to gains for the local economy in terms of profits, incomes, and jobs. However, if there is a restriction of these services, then the land will lack a positive influence on the particular economy (Qazi and Qazi 207).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Environment, Resources, and Their Economic Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Measures of Economic Benefits Assessment of economic benefits is achieved through four measures which include labor, income, employment, and value added. To understand these impacts, the principal idea is that the economic impacts of the resources and other economic activities are widespread after assessing the linkages between the various sectors of the country’s economy. This means that the economic activities related to the environmental resources spread the economic benefits via the multiplier effect. Mining and other businesses related to tourism spend money, hire workers in the economy, and this translates to further income and spending. Hence, in the multiplier effect, the economic activities are directly connected to the resource base of the state and are amplified because their hiring and spending in the econo my creates multiple income layers for numerous sectors (Qazi and Qazi 245). The multiplier is an accepted and practiced technique that is used in the assessment of the ramification of business activities in the region. The basis for the calculation of the economic ramification of the environment and the resources via the multiplier effect is an example of the output-input model. The analysis of the economic impacts entails the calculation of the extent to which environmental activities stimulate economic effects. Based on this assessment, the results from the aforementioned model quantify the effects of the cluster of business activities developed around environmental resources (Hackett 340). Although the output-input analysis requires an advanced training on the economy for full understanding of the economic benefits, the elements may be stated in terms that are straightforward. To arrive at the overall economic impacts, economists have to assess the initial effects of purchases an d payroll. The economic effects mentioned above are referred to as direct. Subsequently, the induced and direct effects emanate from the local purchases and the payroll. The aforementioned effects are assessed through various measures, which include the value added, employment, labor income, and the overall economic impact. Total impact refers to the contribution of the resource to the economic activity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is a measure of the yearly value of services and goods that are associated with business activities, which rely on natural resources. Value added means the general contribution that a resource has towards a country’s economy. Labor income is the contribution that the resource has on salaries and wages. Last, employment is the number of jobs that are associated with the aforementioned economic activities that are tied to the natural resources (Resosudarmo 50). Specific Economic Activities Recreational activities are the ones in which the benefits of the environmental activities can be assessed. Natural resources form the basis for most of the recreational activities in various parts of the world. These resources must be managed and their maintenance should be given the utmost consideration. Hunting, fishing, and wildlife viewing are also activities that are connected to economic impacts. Most regions have departments that ensure the aforementioned activities are catered for based on their economic impacts. Coastal tourism is also an environmental resource that makes immerse economic contribution. Most educated people prefer to reside in areas that have natural resources with high quality. Environmental resources are also sources of amenities, which make working and living in a particular region to be more pleasant (James 35). Unlike the consumer goods that are purchased in specific stores, natural amenities’ consumption is catered for by the federal government or the state. In other locations, regulatory bodies deal with it. Mountains and beaches are environmental resources that help in attraction and retention of the skilled workers in various countries as this is directly connected to economic benefits. Factors for the quality of life are vital factors in the recruitment and retention of the skilled workers and entrepreneurs. The ramification of the natural resources has been confirmed in numerous research studies that tend to look at the inv estors’ choices. Some natural characteristics of a country could enhance its attractiveness. Moreover, to add to the income generated and the local jobs connected with spending on recreation process, it is clear that the amenities engender consumer surplus with regard to the economic value. The surplus is the difference of whatever consumers are willing to pay for the amenities like lakes and beaches and the value that they pay for to enjoy the benefits. Surveys have estimated that the economic value, which consumers place on various types of recreation like camping, hunting, wildlife, and swimming, translates to billion dollars. For countries that are endowed with the aforementioned resources, there is a huge value that reflects high economic benefits (United Nations 142). Forestry is another environmental activity that provides the basis for economic activities. This form of natural resource has widespread economic ramification with activities line logging and forestry amou nting to billions of dollars. These activities rank as the most significant parts of the manufacturing sector. In the direct terms, the forestry industry of the state is the first in employment among the manufacturing sectors in many countries. When the economy is strong, the annual exports from the products amount to billions. Generally, the export of forest products has grown and the exports are poised to attain significant growth in the future. Forestry has had immense impact on the economy of countries that are endowed with the resources because it is a source of employment opportunities (James 20). Minerals are also environmental and natural resources that have an economic impact on a country. Mining activities such as quarrying are rampant in various parts of the world. This results from the endowment of the state with resources that are usable. Quarries and mines extend to various regions and are in the rural and urban areas. The economic impact is huge with mining being a dr iver of the economy in many regions. It contributes to not only the value added but also to numerous jobs connected to the industry via induced, indirect, or direct effects (Resosudarmo 67). Commercial fishing is also another domain in which the economic impact of natural resources can be assessed. In the recent past, various regions have witnessed the transformation of the realm of commercial fishing, which is vital in an economy that depends on resources. Commercial fishing is a business that keeps alive the character of various regions. Presently, it includes a bubbling aquaculture industry in which fresh techniques have created new opportunities for businesses in a number of countries. Commercial fisheries have accounted for millions in revenue (Poser 10). According to the aforementioned findings, natural resources contribute to spending, labor income, and jobs. Natural resources support more jobs and employment offers than any other asset in a state. It should also be mentioned that natural resources and the educated workforce are interconnected and complimentary. On one hand, it is important that a state generates the quality of labor force through the attainment of higher education. The state also has to retain the educated population and this is assisted by maintenance of the integrity of the natural resources. In addition to creation of jobs, natural resources help in preservation of the human capital because of the fact that educated people are mobile in nature, human capital, and amenities are complementary. Amenities like natural resources have a positive influence on the quality of life of a country’s residents. A high life quality means that the residents have a high likelihood of remaining where they are. The natural environment is also influential in maintaining the health of its inhabitants (Poser 20). Individuals benefit immensely from their contact with the nature. Hence, preservation of the natural resources is a part of the health s trategy of a state. Overall, the true value of the natural resources is high. Therefore, they should be considered vital in the development of the economy. The strategy of the state should be to focus on the rewarding business of the natural and environmental resources and enhance the quality of life of the state in the process. Thus, it should be a central part of regional and local economic strategies (Qazi and Qazi 35). A Table Showing How the Economy Depends on Natural Resources Source: Paltseva and Roine Conclusion In summary, the environment and natural resources have a huge economic impact that is felt in domains such as employment, which has a direct impact on the country’s inhabitants’ life quality. The promotion of the natural resources base should be a key in the development policy of all economies. During the time of economic uncertainties, relevant departments need to utilize their resources in promotion of development that can translate to benefits of bu sinesses. Natural resources play a great role in taking such economic decisions. This essay has articulated the economic benefits of the environment and natural resources. It is important for a country to take care of its natural environment because of the accruing economic benefits. Several measures of how natural resources contribute to the economy have been assessed. Works Cited Hackett, Steven C. Environmental and Natural Resources Economics: Theory, Policy, and the Sustainable Society. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2011. Print. James, David. The Application of Economic Techniques in Environmental Impact Assessment. New York: Springer, 1994. Print. Paltseva, Elena and Jesper Roine. Are Natural Resources Good or Bad for Development? 2011. Web. Poser, Nadine. Economic, Environmental and Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism: An Analysis from Mexico. Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2008. Print. Qazi, Shabir Ahmad and Navaid Shabir Qazi. Natural Resource Conservation and Environment Management. New Delhi: APH Publishing, 2008. Print. Resosudarmo, Budy P. The Impact of Environmental Policies on a Developing Economy. Munich: VDM Publishing, 2010. Print Sarsby, R. W. and T. Meggyes. The Exploitation of Natural Resources and the Consequences: The Proceedings of Green 3 : the 3rd International Symposium on Geotechnics Related to the European Environment Held in Berlin, June 2000. London: Thomas Telford, 2001. Print. United Nations. Decoupling Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth. Stevenage: UNEP/Earthprint, 2011. Print. 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18 vs. 21 Essay

18 vs. 21 Essay 18 vs. 21 Essay Position Details Page 1 of 2 IT Technician I Type:Part Time Non Benefited Salary:$18.95-$25.10 Status:Recruiting Closing Date:03/21/13 Job Summary Provide assistance and support to in-house computer users; installing, maintaining, and servicing individual PC’s; and advising and supporting the in-house training programs. Please note that the current vacancy is for a project position; however, this recruitment may lead to an eligibility list to fill any future vacancies for the same classification for up to six months. EOE The "Ideal" Candidate Perform a variety of professional and technically skilled tasks in the installation, maintenance, operation, and coordination of the City's computer information systems. Effective Public Relations skills. Establish and maintain effective working relationships. Essential Functions Assist and coordinate a City-wide preventive maintenance program. Develop and implement policies, procedures, and standards relating to information technology activities. Deal with confidential information and develop security strategies for the maintenance of the computer network system. Insure that new City facilities are appropriately equipped with all necessary computer equipment. Produce and distribute statistical data, reports and computer printouts as necessary. Interpret and follow technical manuals and develop, maintain, and update training guides and procedural manuals. Oversee information technology functions, such as, electronic mail and printer sharing. Provide assistance to departments to meet current and plan for future data processing/computer/automated information technology needs. Maintain systems and standards for data base design, backup and recovery.Coordinate activities to resolve program and system problems. Conduct product research. Assist with selection of new hardware and software. Operate, maintain, and repair hardware. Install computer equipment and software, and customize installed software to the specific requirements of the user department. Monitor "back-up" systems and file servers. Interface with vendors and customers in a professional and courteous manner. Monitor computer maintenance and repair contracts. Provide assistance, recommend, and evaluate software-training courses. Oversee, advise and support the City’s Computer User Group.Provide assistance to the public, City staff, and other Governmental agencies.Provide information at the public counter, in writing, and on the telephone. Knowledge of: Principles and techniques of computer system programming, networking and software strategies. Techniques and procedures pertaining to installation and maintenance of

Chandler's claims for superiority of managerial capitalism' are Essay

Chandler's claims for superiority of managerial capitalism' are specific to a particular time and place and cannot be generalized disscuss - Essay Example But in Scale and Scope the essential thesis is that between the 1850s and the 1880s the transportation and communications networks established the technological and organizational base for the exploitation Ð ¾f economies Ð ¾f scale and scope in the processes Ð ¾f production and distribution. (p. 58) The entrepreneurial response in distribution preceded that in production because innovation in distribution was primarily organizational, not technological. The reasons for the decline Ð ¾f commission agents and the growth Ð ¾f full line, full service wholesalers and mass retailers is not entirely clear from Chandlers analysis.[1] Many Ð ¾f the names Ð ¾f the mass retailers that emerged after the Civil War are still familiar today and include Macys, Lord & Taylor, Strawbridge & Clothier, John Wanamaker, Marshall Field, and Emporium. Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck came to dominate the rural market, relying heavily on mail-order operations. These houses built administrative systems to handle more transactions in a day than most traditional merchants could handle in a lifetime. The laying down Ð ¾f railroad and telegraph systems precipitated a wave Ð ¾f industrial innovation in Western Europe and the United States far more wide ranging than that which had occurred in Britain at the end Ð ¾f the eighteenth century. This wave has been properly termed by historians the Second Industrial Revolution. . . (p. 62) and involved systemic innovations in oil refining, steel, machinery, glass, artificial dyes, fibres, fertilizers, and food processing. But for the potential Ð ¾f these innovations to be realized, entrepreneurs had to make the three pronged investment. [2] In industries where only one or two pioneering enterprises made the three pronged investment, these enterprises quickly dominated the market. More Ð ¾ften, however, the modern industrial enterprise in the United States appeared after merger or acquisition (p.

World Health Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Health Organization - Essay Example ves of WHO is â€Å"To reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence, and improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy ageing for all individuals† (WHO, 2012). The target population of WHO are all people in the world in general and the poor people in the underdeveloped countries in particular, which do not have adequate resources to ensure the health and safety of their citizens. UN has introduced a lot of vaccines for the prevention of different kinds of diseases in such countries as India, Pakistan, Sudan, and Ethiopia. â€Å"WHO was on the alert in those parts of the world experiencing humanitarian crises, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Horn of Africa, Iraq, Sudan and in particular Darfur, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, and elsewhere† (Chaib, 2006). WHO has an operational history full of successes and few failures since its establishment. In the year 1947, WHO created an epidemiological service of information through telex and launched the programme for the eradication of malaria in the year 1955. Ten years later, WHO created the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In 1966, WHO shifted in its headquarters building. In 1974, WHO started the Expanded Programme on Immunization. In 1975, WHO launched the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Between 1986 and 1996, WHO was actively involved in creating awareness about the causes, risks, and prevention of HIV/AIDS and Polio. It took several measures to providing the patients of HIV/AIDS with medical attention without discrimination on the basis of race or region. In 1988, WHO established the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Smallpox was a major health issue in 31 countries of the world in the year 1967. The victims of smallpox in 1967 was from 10 to 15 million, out of which 2 million patients died while millions got

Eastern Orthodox Essay Example for Free

Eastern Orthodox Essay I. Origin The Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholicism were branches of the same body—the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church until 1054 AD, which is the date of the first major division and the beginning of â€Å"denominations† in Christianity. The Christian Church divided into two Churches, East and West. Both Churches believe that they are the original Church established by Jesus Christ and the Apostles, and they disapprove each other. The Church in the East added â€Å"orthodox†, which comes from the Greek word â€Å"orthodxia†, to show that they retain the original teachings and traditions. Every Church in the Eastern Orthodox system can trace their roots back to the five early Christianity center—the Roman Church, the Jerusalem Church, Antioch, the Alexandrian Church and the Church of Constantinople. Although all Orthodox Churches recognize the Patriarch of Constantinople as the ecumenical Patriarch and the supreme leader, the Churches are independent of each other in the mutual recognition of state instead of entirely united. Disagreements between the two branches of Christianity—Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism—had long existed even before the division, and increased throughout the first millennium. Their disputes include issues pertaining to the nature of the Holy Spirit, the use of icons in worship, and the correct date to celebrate Easter. Also, the Eastern mindset inclined more toward philosophy, mysticism and ideology. They reject rationalism, as they believe that unless God speaks out, humans can not know him through reason. The Western outlook guided more by a practical and legal mentality, a perfect example being the Summa Theologica by St. Thomas which successfully fused Aristotelian philosophy with ideology. The Catholics believe that humans can one day see the true body of the Lord through rationality. With these disputes worsening and the gaps widening, separation was inevitable. The slow process of it was encouraged in 330 AD when Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the city of Byzantium and called in Constantinople. After he died, the Roman empire was divided by his two sons into the Eastern portion, which was ruled from Constantinople, and the Western portion, which was ruled from Rome. The formal split took place in 1045 AD when Pope Leo IX, leader of the Roman Church at the time, excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, leader of the Eastern Church. Cerularius then condemned the Pope in mutual excommunication. Michael Cerularius was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043-1058 AD, and played a prominent role in the East-West Schism. In 1045 he wrote a letter to the Pope claiming the title â€Å"ecumenical patriarch† and addressing Pope Leo as â€Å"brother† rather than â€Å"father†. It can be argued that it was this letter that initiated the events which followed. At the time the two primary disputes were Rome’s claim to a universal papal supremacy and the adding of the word filioque to the Nicene Creed. Filioque is a Latin word which means â€Å"and from the Son†. By inserting it to the Nicene Creed during the 6th century, the phrase pertaining to the origin of the Holy Spirit â€Å"who proceeds from the Father† was changed to â€Å"who proceeds from the Father and the Son†. The change was made to emphasize Christ’s divinity, but was strongly objected by the Eastern Christians, as they not only opposed any alteration of anything by the first ecumenical council, but also disagreed with its new meaning. Eastern Christians believe that both the Holy Spirit and the Son have their origin in the Father. During the time of the Crusades beginning in 1095, Rome joined the East in fight against the Turks to defend the Holy Land. But by the end of the Forth Crusade in 1204, all hope for potential reconciliation between the two Churches was over as the hostility between them continued to worsen. The Eastern and Western Churches remain divided and separate until present day. II. Institutional Structure â€Å"The Orthodox Church is evangelical, but not Protestant. It is orthodox, but not Jewish. It is Catholic, but not Roman. It isn’t non-denominational—it is pre-denominational. It has believed, taught, preserved, defended and died for the Faith of the Apostles since the day of Pentecost 2000 years ago.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Steve Robinson The Orthodox Catholic Church is the second largest Christian Church in the world and the religious denomination of the majority of the population in Russia, Greece, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Cyprus. Orthodoxy plays a smaller role in a dozen other countries: Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and the U. S. It also consists of churches in scattered presence in other countries. The Orthodox Church has an Episcopal organizational structure where consecrated bishops are the chief ecclesiastical officers in each diocese and have the power to ordain priests. The Church believes in the Apostolic Succession, which means that the consecration of its bishops can be traced back to Jesus’ apostles. The Orthodox Church is composed of several self-governing ecclesial bodies, each geographically and nationally distinct but theologically unified. Each self-governing body, often but not always encompassing a nation, is shepherded by a Holy Synod whose duty, among other things, is to preserve and teach the apostolic and patristic traditions and related church practices. III. Basic Belief System In Orthodox history, events that have transformed the external appearance of the Orthodox world—the capture of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem by Arab Muslims; the burning of Kiev by the Mongols; the two sacks of Constantinople; the October Revolution—have never broken the inward continuity of the Orthodox Church. The  greatest characterization of the Orthodox faith is its antiquity, its apparent changelessness, its continuity with the Apostolic Church and that it follows the faith and practices defined by the first seven Ecumenical Councils. For the Orthodox Christians, the doctrine of the Holy Trinity underlies all theology and spirituality. Salvation is personal and underlines particularity, yet also communal and implies sharing; there is a uniqueness and wholeness in the human person, in humanity and in creation. It is also on the doctrine of the Holy Trinity that the councilor and hierarchical structure of the Orthodox Church rests. The mystery of the Trinity is revealed in the supreme act of love, the Incarnation of the divine â€Å"Word that became flesh†, assuming and healing humanity and creation entirely. Participation in the defied humanity of Jesus Christ is the ultimate goal of the Christian life, accomplished through the Holy Spirit. In the seven Sacraments and in the life of the Church, each person is called to theosis or deification, for â€Å"God became human in order that humanity might be divinized†. When expressing these beliefs, the Orthodox look for consistency with Scripture and Tradition, as manifested in the life of the Church and the early Church Fathers, but will search also for new formulations of this tradition. External criteria of truth are lacking; for Orthodox Christians seek the living experience of truth accessible in the communion of Saints. Thus they are reluctant to define matters of faith with too much precision, in the firm conviction that truth is never exhausted. The apophatic or   negative approach safeguards the transcendence of God even while designating His immanence; it also affirms the uniqueness of each person—divine and human—that they may never be reduced to anything less than a mystery. Integral to the long history and tradition of the Orthodox Christian faith are the Icons, which further reflect the divine glory and beauty. The Incarnation of Christ implies that God became fully human and therefore accessible and describable. God is not only understood but, at the Incarnation, is looked upon and seen. An Orthodox Church is, therefore, filled with icons invariably depicting Christ or the Saints of the Church, and an Orthodox Christian kisses and assigns veneration to those depicted by them. Icons are never worshiped, and they are the Christian faith and histories depicted in images and constitute part of the transfigured cosmos. Today people tend to think of the Orthodox Church as a vast, world-wide institution. Yet the concept of universality as expressed in the local community is a fundamental principle of Orthodox doctrine. Each local Eucharist gathering is related on the principle of identity. IV. Morality Eastern Orthodoxy does not differ from the larger Christian principles of moral thought and action in any way, but does offer a unique view on Christianitys promised redemption. It teaches a doctrine of theosis, or unity with God, which is a kind of deification that is available to all. The Orthodox doctrine of theosis is grounded in several key New Testiment scriptures. In the epistles of Paul, he repeatedly describes the Christian life as life â€Å"in Christ.† In the Gospel of John, Jesus prayed, â€Å"My prayer is not for them alone. I pray also for those who will believe in me through their message, that all of them may be one, be in us so that the world may believe that you have sent me† (John 17:20-21). The idea of this mutual indwelling, God in us and we in God, is a constant theme in John’s Gospel. In the Second Letter of Peter he says, â€Å"Through these he has given us his very great and precious promises, so that through them you may participate in the divine nature and escape the corruption in the world caused by evil desires† (2 Peter 1:4) The goal of the Christian life, and its expected outcome, is to partake in the divine nature. This is theosis, or deification, and the idea merits special discussion so that its meaning is not distorted. The hoped-for mystical union between God and human is a true union, but it is a union with God’s energies, not the divine essence. Humans remain fully human and distinct from God. But they become perfected in grace, so that every element of ego and selfishness disappears and they are able to reflect the divine light. Few Christians will experience theosis before the Day of Judgment, but on that day, Christians will be resurrected and glorified by God, clothed in a spiritual body that radiates the divine light. Still, deification begins in the here and now, in the daily lives of ordinary Christians. All Christians are called to follow Gods commandments, and as long as they try to do so, however weak their efforts may be, or however often they may fail, they become in some way deified. Deification begins in repentance, and is nurtured through the normal routines of the C hristian life. To become deified, the Christian should go to church, regularly participate in the sacraments, pray to God with honesty and great sincerity, read the Gospels, and follow the commandments. The most important commandments are love of God and neighbor. To love God is to live in and for others, which is why some of the greatest of the Eastern Orthodox saints are remembered for their service to others, such as St. Basil of Caesarea (c. 330-379) caring for the sick, or St. John the Almsgiver (d. 619) caring for the poor. Sincere dedication to following the commandments and living life within the church bears with it the promise of redemption fulfilled in the resurrection of a radiant body and soul. But Christians may look forward to even more than this. The Bible speaks of a new heaven and a new earth (Revelation 21:1) and of the hope that the creation itself will be redeemed (Romans 8:22). In these scriptures, Eastern Orthodoxy sees the promise of a cosmic redemption, in which all of material creation is transfigured. This belief in the redemption as deification rests in the Orthodox interpretation of the doctrine of the Incarnation. By choosing to become human, God became flesh and blood, thereby sanctifying material as well as immaterial creation. Because of this, all of material creation can look forward to its ultimate redemption, in which pain, death, and suffering will cease, along with hostility and enmity, and all of creation will be transfigured. The first fruits of this promise can already be seen as fulfilled in the divine power that works through the holy relics, in the divine presence in the icons, and in the radiant transfigured faces of the hesychasts. V. Worship The life of an Orthodox Christian can be seen as being composed of five cycles. First of all, there is the cycle of life, which embraces the whole life of a man from birth to death, and which consists in liturgical actions which are not repeated, occurring only once in a person’s lifetime. There are Holy Baptism, Holy Chrismation (equivalent to Confirmation in the West) and the Burial Service. In addition, there also belongs in this great cycle the Sacraments or Sacramental Blessings which bestow special grace for a particular office or vocation with the community. These are Holy Matrimony, the Monastic Tonsure and Holy Orders. Another major cycle which involves the entire life of an Orthodox Christian is the daily cycle of prayers and praises offered by the Church, once every twenty-four hours. These services express our remembrance of events which happened at certain hours and contain petitions relevant to these memories. In antiquity the day was considered to begin at sunset and divided according to the following order. Night began at 6 p.m. and was divided into four parts called watches, which means the time of changing guards: Evening (6 p.m. to 9 p.m.), Midnight (9 p.m. to 12 midnight), Cock-crow (12 midnight to 3 a.m.), and Morning (3 a.m. to 6 a.m.). Day began at 6 a.m. and was too divided into four watches (or hours): First Hour (6 a.m. to 9 a.m.), Third Hour (9 a.m. to 12 noon), Sixth Hour (12 noon to 0 3 p.m.), and Ninth Hour (3 p.m. to 6 p.m.).

Evidence Of Technological Change :: essays research papers

The early evidence on the importance of technological changes a source of the shifts in the relative demand for different types of labor during the 1980s came from case studies. The Bureau of labor Statistics conducted several case studies of the effects of changes in production processes in particular industries (Mark, 1987). In an industry that experienced a significant change in technology, the usual pattern was a dramatic reduction in the employment of production workers with an increase or no change in the number of skilled workers in that industry. More recently there have been several econometric analyses of the effects of variables like the (appropriately lagged) rate of investment in computers and/ or other forms of â€Å"information capital† and the ratio of expenditures on research and development to sales on changes in the skill composition of industries (for examples, Berman, Bound and Griliches, 1994). The results of these studies are consistent with those of the case studies and the hypotheses that the recent technological change has shifted the relative demand for skilled labor to the right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Changes in production techniques have widened across the country quickly, especially the multinational firms. Thus, if technological change is an important determinant of relative demand shifts, one would expect to observe patterns in other industrialized countries similar to those in the United States. Some of the recent studies report results for a variety of old industrialized (OECD) countries that are indeed consistent with the U.S. results (Collechia and Papaconstantinou, 1996; Machin, Ryan and Van Reenan, 1996). These countries vary a great deal with respect to changes in their situations with respect to trade, labor market institutions (like the importance of trade unions), and unemployment. Obviously, the relative demand for skilled labor in each of them is rising rapidly. In my view, it is the fairly strong evidence in favor of the wage inequality and technological change story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A factor that is often cited as the specific issue of the post-1980 is the widespread adoption of computer technology throughout the economy. As mentioned above, the rate of skilled labor has tended to be greatest in those industries with the highest rate of investment in computers. There is also evidence that workers who use computers on the job have, other things constant, higher earnings than those who do not (Krueger, 1993). In my view, it is probably too early to determine that how much of the technological change dues to computers affect wage inequality, but we will know more about the answer to this question in 20 years.

Financial analysis for smartphone industry

After a heat discussion, our team chose the smart phone industry for the following two reasons. Firstly, telephone is a significant communicating instrument around the world today. International Telecommunication Union predicts that the number of cell phones would exceed the number of human beings in 2014. Secondly, with the increasingly functions of smart phone, it plays a vital role in the relevant industries. The flourishing development of smart phone industry also accelerates the development of other industries such as the cell phone battery industry and cell phone game industry. . 1 Industry Analysis We are talking about smart phone industry specifically. The newly formed competitive market includes hardware manufacturing, operating systems and content. Looking back on the history, leaders of those fields have changed a lot, as Monika, Motorola and RIM have been transcended by Apple, Samsung and other brands. Apply Porter's five force analysis to smart phone industry. Starting f rom threat of entry, software faces this more because of open platforms. Floods of capitals are required for R and operation levels, thus this threat is moderately high.Substitutes like Pads, Notebook and laptops have entered the market causing the threat. Threat also comes from suppliers, fragmented supply and the difficulty of vertical integration have impeded company profiting. But the threat is low overall. Meanwhile, buyers also impact threat by various demands and higher bargaining power. All these four threats result in a high threat of rivalry. Brand and concentrated market also matter. For the industry status, in 2011, the smart phone application market was about USED 6. 7 billion which is expected to be USED 1 55 billion with CARR of almost 55% from 2011 to 2017.In addition, worldwide sales of smart phones to end users totaled 968 million units in 2013, an increase of 42. Percent from 2012. Sales of smart phones accounted for 53. 6 percent of overall mobile phone sales in 2013 which accounts for 75. 8% of the overall mobile handset revenue. 1. 3 Firm description We choose six companies in smart phone industry to do some analysis. They are Sony, Apple, Samsung, ETC, Black Berry and Monika. The firms we choose represent different level of performance in the industry. Apple and Samsung are outstanding firms with higher net income and greater profitability.MONIKA, SONY and Blackberry are firms once created brilliant achievements but suffer from ailing business in the past 3 years. ETC is a newly brought-in competitor with advanced technology in developing smart phones. The six firms experienced different types of history. Samsung struggled with poor quality and inferior products in its earlier times. Apple seemed to grow gradually since it was established. On the contrary, Blackberry and MONIKA were once outstanding in the industry. SONY (SONY Ericson) left behind when transforming from mobile phones to smart phones.ETC has a short history. Most of the f irms experienced several important mergers or acquisition in the past 5 years. Badly-performed firms shrink while well-performed ones expand their equines by proper selling plans or acquisitions. Some important events are as follows. Microsoft declared to acquire Ionians mobile business and large amounts of patent portfolios with 7. 17 billion dollars. Blackberry made an announcement that the corporation agreed to be acquired by Fairfax Financial Holdings at the price of 47 billion, though the selling plan turns out to be failed.SONY and Ericson were incorporated into Sony Mobile Communications. 2. Past performance analysis Note: Risk free rate: US. Government bond rate for 5 years Expected market return: historical industry return for 5 years 2. 1 Samsung 013 is a fancy year for Samsung, possessing the biggest market share in smart phone for 31. 5% ahead of 15. 5% for Apple. For the first sq in 2013, PEE ratio decreased from 9. 09% to 6. 99% and it rose to 7. 30% in SQ. For the cap ital structure, 93. 2% was financed by equity and bond took up 6. 7%. Stock return for 2013 is -3. 7%. Move to past areas. PIE ratio experienced biggest decrease from 1 1. 88% to 7. 04%. Stock return is waving from 2. 98% to 28. 53%. Now focus on past areas. PEE ratio as 1 1. 88% peaked in 2011 standing out from a general downward trend. Besides, the releasing of GALAXY Tab 3 and GALAXY Note 10. Drove inventory turnover ratio higher. The peak for debt to equity ratio appeared in 2011 which is 0. 1446 and the trend is downward. Stock return in 2009 is highest for 64. 42%. The cost of equity for Samsung is 27. 63% given its current beta is 1. 12.For the dividend policy, the payout ratios are 12. 3%, 9. 3%, 6. 0%, 5. 1% and 7. 11%respectively since 2009. The most recent dividend pay date is on August 26, painting out 75. 4 million USED. On July 17 2012, Samsung acquired the handset operations of CARS Pl, and invested a 4. 9% stake in the company later. It is the largest acquisition cas e for Samsung since the 1997 uncial crisis. Actually, Samsung completed 5 acquisitions in 2012 which is more frequent than before. Acquisitions progress appears in net income rising from in 2011 to and to in 2012 and 2013.Inventions also declined from 3,859,994 to 2,918,234 until 2013. Samsung sold a record 86 million smart phones in Quaff 2013 and widened its lead over Apple selling 51 million for phone 5. 2. 2 Monika In 2013, Monika had a negative PEPS, showing that Monika didn't do well in 2013. The inventory turnover was about 6. 0, lower than the industry average (about). ROE was negative. The debt/asset ratio was 72. 59%. The dividend per share was O in 2013. The stock return was 97% in 2013 and the cost of equity for Monika is 8. 66%, given its current beta is 1. 3. Looking at the past 3 years, we find Debt/Equity ratio of Monika was increasing constantly. The ROE ratio was always negative over the past three years, decreasing from 2011 to 2012 and increasing from 2012 to 201 3. The dividend per share decreased from 0. 33 in 2011 to 0. 13 in 2012, then too in 2013. The stock return increased from -55% in 2011 to -23% in 2012, then to 97% in 2013. Considering the past five years performance, we find that Monika did quite a good Job in 2009 and 010 because its PIE ratios were positive and really high.The dividend per share decreased from 0. 41 in 2009 to 0. 31 in 2010. The trend of dividend per share from 2009 to 2013 is declining. The stock return increased from 2009 to 2013 while it was negative from 2009 to 2012. As for important events, on September 3rd, 2013, Microsoft declared to acquire Ionians mobile business and a large amount of patent portfolios with 7. 17 billion dollars. The stock price of Monika soared from about 3 dollars per share to about 8 dollars per share from August 29th, 2013 to November 18th, 2013.We compare the financial performance of the third quarter and fourth quarter of 2013 and find that net income increased a lot from -91 mil lions to -millions of dollars. 2. 3 Apple In 2013, Apple had a perfect performance. The ROE (about 0. 3064) and PIE ratio (about 15. 21) are both three times higher than the industry average, Besides, the inventory turnover of Apple is about 83, Apple is already well-known for its supply chain. The company's 40. 31% of assets came from debt and 59. 69% of assets came from equity. The of PAPAL in 2013 is 0. 74, and the cost of capital for PAPAL is 22. 3 percent in 2013.In the past 3 years, the current ratio and price-earnings ratio did not change a lot, but ROE decrease sharply in 2013, and the debt/equity decreased in 2012 and increased in 2013, meaning that the company issued more stocks than bonds in 2012. The annual stock return 0. 013 in 2013, 0. Tent 2012, and 0. 243 in 2011. Looking back over 5 years, the ROE increased from 2009 to 2012 and decreased in 2013. The inventory turnover went up sharply from 2012 and went down a little in 2013, which is partially because of the phon e ass's huge success. In addition, PAPAL began giving shareholders a quarterly dividend of $2. Per share in 2012. This dividend yield is about 1. 2% higher than the industry average. Apple's business philosophy is to acquire small companies that can be easily integrated into existing company projects, so Apple did more than 60 small acquisitions in the last decades. Apple merged plenty of software makers including Sir. After the acquisition, Sir has been an intelligent personal assistant and was introduced as a feature of the phone AS. This technical innovation has been a huge success so that more than 50% profit of Apple company came from phone in 2012. 2. ETC 013 is a struggling year for ETC, we can see that most of the key ratios of the company are under the industry average, profitability measures are almost all negative, and ROE are -1. 67, indicating that ETC failed to earn enough profit to even cover its expense. The high Debt/equity ratio (1. 22) makes its stock risky. The o f ETC in 2013 is 1. 88, while the industry average is only 1. 12. High makes the cost to raise capital high too. The cost of capital for ETC is 10. 13 percent in 2013. Looking back over 3 years, we found that Itch's profit has been declining since 2011, inventory turnover declined from 12. 8 to 7. 0 due to the poor sale and management problem. The annual stock return -0. 525 in 2013, 0. 064 2012, and -0. 392 in 2011. Looking back over 5 years, it is clear that the business boomed during 2009 and 2011, and started to fall behind since then. The sale increased by about 1 11% from 2009 to 2010, but stock price has fallen by 90 percent since then. Besides, the company prescribed at least 50% of the total dividend be distributed as cash dividend, it pay dividend in July or August every year. ETC believe that acquisitions are the key to help ETC quickly grow to compete with its competitors.So ETC spent more than $700 lions on acquisition in 2010 and 2011 trying to gain market share. Major mergers include SO Graphics, Beats Electronics LLC, and etc. However, Itch's acquisition strategy didn't work well as expected. Those deals neither helped ETC to boost its brand image or to win the law suit, the sale have also been decreasing since the requested of 2011. 2. 5 Sony From 2009 to 2013, Sony had gone through a road of difficult and twists. In 2013, Sony didn't have a well performance. Its current ratio, ROE and inventory turnover ratio is under industry average.To be specific, its inventory turnover ratio is the lowest. Through its PEE ratio is strangely high, I think it mostly related to the small profit number. Looking back over 3 years, we can see most ratio, including ROE and inventory turnover ratio, had a peak in 2012. Especially ROE had a soaring from 2011 to 2012. There are four reasons. First, Sony Corp. acquired the remaining 50% stake from ELM Ericson Telethon ABA on February 15, 2012, which made mobile phone sales increased a lot. Last, the yen devalued. Lo oking back over 5 years, the current ratio and ROE had a drop until 2011.The inventory turnover ratio had a peak in 2010 while he debt-equity ratio increased until 2012. Actually, Sony had negative net income for consecutive four years. Not only it is a result of disasters such as JP Tsunami, but also it is because the yen appreciate and digital products from Japan were shocked by other goods. The stock return ratio of Sony from 2009 to 2011 has dropped from 0. 5 to -0. 47. However, it began to increase then. The ratio in 2013 is about 0. 15. It is consistent with what ROE shows. The cost of equity is 52. 72%. It is large due to the high Arm (29. 64%) and high risk (beta-?I . 2). 2. 6 Blackberry 2013 is not a pleasant year for Blackberry. The ability to generate profit is far behind its peer competitors. PEPS and ROE of the firm are -1. 23 and -6. 61% due to the negative net income. However, the current ratio highly above the industry average (about 1. 09). Stocks risk of Blackberry is low, measured in of 0. 48. Based on p, the cost of capital is 3. 70%. On account of the bad performance over the year, annual stock return in 2013 is -0. 426. Looking back to the past three-year performance, Blackberry dropped from its recent peak in 2011 to historical worst.Blackberry experienced a terrible service interrupt in Cot, 2011, which severely damaged the rim reputation and directly caused the following bad performances. Business declined sharply in 2012, with falling ROE and PEE ratio. In retrospect the performance in last five years, we could see that even under unpleasant financial crisis, Blackberry still could hold itself. PEE ratio was 17. 1 in 2009 and 10. 0 in 2012, both showing a good prospect, however, the ratio then began to decrease sharply after 2010. Annual stock return was at first positive in 2009(0. 19), but it has fallen below zero ever since. Inventory turnover is quite stable during the whole period. No dividend has been strutted during recent five years because of the disappointing performance. Most important series of restructuring events in Blackberry's history appeared in the year 2013. BlackBerry first announced to have reached a potential acquisition agreement with its biggest shareholder Fairfax Financial on Seep 23rd, after this good news, the stock price of BlackBerry shot up 0. 6 dollars. But the potential acquisition plan didn't last for a long time.In Novena, 2013 BlackBerry declared the breakdown of the selling plan. By pm Novo 4th, the stock price of BlackBerry has dropped 1. 44 dollars (18. 53%). 3. Future performance analysis . 1 Pro formal Pro formal of Cash Flow Pro formal of Balance Sheet & Income Statement Note: Erg (regression) W-M (weighted-moving-average method) Final (final forecast) We complete the pro formal by three steps. First step is to do an autoregressive analysis to forecast the data of 2014 and 201 5 through the historical data from 2009 to 2013. Then, we computed the weighted average by givi ng the weight of 0. 5, 0. 1, 0. 15, 0. 3, and 0. 4. Finally, we find some forward looking data predicted by economic forecasters on the internet and use moving weighted average method to get final data which are more efficient. What is more, if there is no forward looking data, we use weighted average on the regressive result and average result. We combined two different methods to do the forecast. Because every method has it is own drawback. For the regression method, it cannot show that the latest data, which indicates the trends more accurately, is more vital than the previous one.And the weighted average can overcome this drawback by giving the latest data more weights. But for some items like income, we think the result of regression method is more accurately. So we combined these two methods by using weighted average. 3. 2 Recommendation We divided the analysis of future performance of PAPAL into two parts: The analysis of data and the analysis of reality. Firstly, Let us focu s on the forecast data. We analyze three kinds of vital data measuring the performance of PAPAL. The first one is earnings per share (PEPS), which reflects the ability of company to generating profit.We forecast this data by regression, which is to estimate the net income and shares and do a Multivariate regression. The result is around 45. Then, there are five websites give out the PEPS estimate around 47. 9. We give them weights and get the final data of 47. . PEPS is the dollar value of earnings per each outstanding share of a company's common stock. Higher PEPS means that the company can generate more net income by each share and it can use less capital to get higher profit. Besides, the dividend may be high because of the high PEPS. The forecast data 47. In 201 5 is higher than today's data and it is reliable, because the net income and the shares are both increasing and the increasing speed of shares is slowly. So the performance of PAPAL will be better in the future. The seco nd one is PIE ratio. We use the weighted average method to get PIE in 201 5, which is 13. 2, and we also use the regression method to get it, which is 13. 44. We find that the forecast PIE ratio in Yahoo is 13. 07, which is not a high one. Theoretically speaking, a stock with low PIE ratio is a good one to investment, because the purchase cost is low.Besides, we think the value of PAPAL is underestimated now because of the high PEPS and the low PIE ratio. The price of stock will go up in the future. The third one is ROE, which shows how well PAPAL uses investment funds to earnings growth. We use the weighted average method to get ROE in 201 5, which is 36. 34%, and we also use the regression method to get it, which is 38. 6%. The average number is 37. 6%. ROE measures the rate of return on the shareholders' equity of the stock owners, which measures a firm's ability of generating profits from every unit of shareholders' equity.Generally speaking, ROES more than 10% are considered go od. Besides, the ROE of PAPAL is a reliable one, because the debt asset ratio is not high. In conclusion, we recommend that stockholders could hold Pal's stock for a long time because of the low PIE ratio and the high ROE. Performance we forecasted originates from two reality parts, one is expected increase based on past and current situations and the other is unexpected hangs including systematic and unsystematic risks align with future. The anticipated two opportunities for Apple are analyzed as following.The global market for smart phone will grow in few years based on GIG prediction and the annual sale is expected to increase from 1 billion in 2013 to 1 . Billion in 2017. Until the end of 2013, the SIS system accounted for 41. 2% and Android is 51. 9% comparatively. This intense rising user trend will amplify the market pie. The other is the cooperation with China Mobile. Above million regular customers of China Mobile will assist the sales rise for Apple. Unexpected systematic risk consists of interest rate risk and foreign currency risk. The company typically invests in highly-rated securities and changes in U.S. Interest rates affect the interest earned on the company's cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, the fair value of those securities, as well as costs associated with hedging. In the third quarter of 2013, the company issued $17. 0 billion of long-term debt, which included $3. 0 billion of floating-rate notes. In addition, Apple is a net receiver of foreign currencies and changes in exchange rates, particularly strengthening of U. S. Lars will negatively affect its net sales and gross margins expressed as U. S. Dollars originally. Unsystematic risk involves Apple's internal specific performance.New products release like will be a main source. The attraction of next generation Apple phone is controversial and based on past dissatisfying sales of phone and pad, their growth rate nearly held constant. Some people concern its innovation w ithout Jobs but some analysts note that the bigger size for phones will eliminate advantage of Android system brands like Samsung. Charm of wearing new product which is twitch concretely is also worth anticipating ND we may get some indicts from the coming WAD held in Los Angels. Beyond this, Apple will increase repurchase of stocks and issuance of dividends.According to Sanford C. Bernstein prediction, Apple will issue BIB dollars dividends in 2015. This will increase the value of stocks held on shareholders if the PEE ratio increased after the issuance. 4. Relative Performance According to the comparison of 5 key ratios, the underperforming corporations are SONY, Blackberry, ETC and MONIKA. Most of the firm shared common problems in several aspects as lack of innovative products and inventory management, while mom have critical faults in designing strategies. Relative performance and recommendations are as follows.According to the lowest inventory turnover ratio of Sony among its industry peers, one recommendation for Sony is to turn over its inventory quickly. It can improve its supply chain, manage efficiently to product appropriately. Due to the fast update of digital products, long inventory turnover period will enlarge the risk and the cost. Besides, 3. 1% of the market share is so small compared with Samsung and Apple that its ROE can't increase smoothly. The key to increase its market share is to launch the new production. Only by creating great mobile phones like phone, can Sony rebuild its Sony Time.Similar problems appeared in Blackberry and Monika. Most of Blackberry's profitability ratios as PEE, ROE and PEPS are under industry average due to firm's negative net income. The reasons are lack of attractive application programs and disappointing new product. Apple's phone and Google's Android squeezed the market share of Blackberry smart phone. The newly launched table PC was also not satisfying with simple functions but high selling price. Blackber ry should not only depend on its good reputation in E-mail recessing system, but focus more on user's entertainment experience like fancy interface and programs.Besides, Blackberry is the only one who ignores the prospect in China. To recover from declining tendency, a competitive product is required to open its Chinese market. The negative ROE and low inventory turnover ratio indicates that MONIKA is losing money . The reason is that the product of Monika is not as popular as that of other leading companies like Apple and considered to be lack of innovation, and its Simian operating system (until 2013) is not advocated by developers. So Monika should increase funding for research and develop products that appeal the consumers.Given that the mobile phone business of Monika was acquired by Microsoft on April 5th, 2014 (the acquisition was started on September 3rd, 2013), Microsoft should learn a lesson from the failure of Monika. ETC has been struggling in China due to price competit ion and limited distribution. Many people think the wrong high-end market strategy got ETC into trouble. To get out of woods, ETC may need to forget its strategy on high-end market and consider a partnership (merger) with another smart phone company that could provide synergy.Chinese smart phone makers sell products domestically because they have weak brand awareness in other regions, but ETC has established solid brand awareness in the United States and Europe, which Chinese handset makers could capitalize on. And ETC could get resources to get through this situation and look for new chances for development. So a merger with Chinese films could be a win-win. 5. Conclusion From the perspective of companies in the smart phone industry: Considering the fast speed of development of Asia-Pacific market, each company should strive to evolve Asia-Pacific market.Moreover, the target market of the company must be effective. As for products, companies should develop the products that satisfy consumers' preference. From the perspective of investors: The smart phone industry has a great development potential, so investors have substantial investment opportunities in this industry. But investors should cautiously determine the invested companies. We recommend selecting invested companies according to their past and future financial performance, the fitness between their products and the preference f the market, the market strategies and so on.